Nov 22, 2017 - 2018/04/26, Our paper LogLens: A Real-time Log Analysis System is accepted by ICDCS'18. Bo Zong, Qi Song, Martin Renqiang Min, Wei Cheng, Cristian. Bo Zong, Xusheng Xiao, Zhichun Li, Zhenyu Wu, Zhiyun Qian,. LI Zhi-ming, HAO Yue, ZHANG Jin-cheng, XU Sheng-rui, NI Jin-yu, ZHOU Xiao-wei. Analysis and finite element simulation of electromagnetic heating in the nitride MOCVD reactor J. Chinese Physics B, 2009, 18(11): 5072–5077.
Film Society of Lincoln Center. ^. University of California,. Archived from on 2015-08-01. Artificial Eye. Archived from on 2014-04-17. Zhang Yingjin, 'Introduction' in Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922–1943, ed.
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Associated DataThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the department of Cancer Control & Prevention of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the department of Cancer Control & Prevention of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention.
BackgroundOral cancer represents a serious problem worldwide. It is estimated that 442,000 cases were newly diagnosed during 2012.
Globally, there are geographical variations in oral cancer incidence. The highest rate is reported in Melanesia of the Pacific region, with incidence rates of 22.9 per 100,000 for men and 16.0 per 100,000 for women. Countries in South Asia, such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, are also traditionally considered to have high occurrences of oral cancer. The aetiological factors behind the high incidences in these countries are mainly considered to include the usage of betel quid and various forms of tobacco.
Further, industrialised countries in central and eastern Europe are also experiencing high incidences of oral cancer, especially in the young population, indicating the presence of different aetiological risk factors.In China, the incidence of oral cancer also widely varies among regions. High incidence areas are generally located in central and south China, where betel-nut chewing is popular. However, the prevalence in densely populated cities in eastern China remains unclear. In Shanghai, which currently has a residential population of over 14 million, a population-based cancer registration and reporting system has been established. The aim of the present study was to describe the incidence rates and temporal trends of oral cancer in Shanghai during the 10-year period of 2003 to 2012. The results will provide evidence-based clues for researches on the aetiology and prevention of oral cancer.
MethodsOral cancer incidence data between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2012 were derived from the Shanghai Cancer Registry (SCR) system in Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, which is an associate member of the International Association of Cancer Registries. The SCR is a population-based cancer registry system that systematically collects, processes, and reports data on all newly diagnosed cancer cases among Shanghai residents.
Doctors in hospitals throughout the city are required to report newly diagnosed cancer cases by using a standardised cancer reporting card to the SCR. Duplicates are consolidated in the data editing process. Death certification is used to help identify any cases missed in the routine reporting. The percent of cases identified via death certificate only (DCO) is 0.16% of the study.The corresponding population denominators by age and sex were provided by the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Security. The study was approved and the need for informed consent was waived by the institutional review board (IRB) of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Medical School of Jiao Tong University.
There was no information to identify individual cases in the study.The anatomical site locations for the included cases of oral cancer were the lip (10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10: C00), mouth or oral cavity (C01–06) and oropharynx (C09–10), as detailed in Table. The epidemiological descriptions of oral cancer differ according to the anatomical subsites included in the definition.
In some reports, oral cancer consists of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, salivary glands and all pharyngeal sites (C00-C14). As cancers of the oral cavity (C00-C06) and oropharynx (C09-C10) have similar pathological origins and clinical presentations, we grouped oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers together as “oral cancer”, excluding cancers in the salivary glands (C07-C08) and other pharyngeal sites (C11-C14), in the present epidemiological study. The incidence rates are presented as cases per 100,000 population, and were age standardised by using the direct method to the world standard population, giving the age-standardised rates (ASRs).
The significance of time trends in incidence was calculated by percent change (PC) and the annual percentage changes (APCs) with 95% confidence intervals. Lifetime risk of developing oral cancer was calculated by using the cumulative approach.
The significance level for comparisons and for APC trends was set at P. ResultsAnonymous individual records by sex and 5-year-age groups were received from the SCR system, which has 100% coverage of the city’s population of approximately 14 million per year. A total of 3680 cases with oral cancer were reported during the study period: 2151 (58.5%) males and 1529 (41.5%) females, representing 0.69% of all malignancies in Shanghai from 2003 to 2012.
As a result, the age-standardised incidence rate was 1.34/100,000 person-years (1.64/100,000 in males and 1.06/100,000 in females), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.41.Table shows the incidence rates for oral cancer by anatomical subsites during the 10-year study period: tongue cancer was the most common subsite for both sexes, followed by the oropharynx and gingiva in males, and gingiva and bucca in females. Anatomical subsiteMalesFemalesTotalNo. Of casesCRASRNo.
Of casesCRASRNo. Of casesCRASRLip (C00)940.140.071070.160.072010.150.07Base of tongue (C01)1760.250.13750.110.062510.180.10Tongue (C02)5860.850.465530.8.830.42Gingiva (C03)3280.470.242670.390.175950.430.20Floor of mouth (C04)1860.270.14430.060.032290.170.09Palate (C05)2290.330.181810.260.154100.300.16Bucca (C06)2070.300.162150.310.134220.310.14Tonsil (C09)1350.200.10630.090.051980.140.07Oropharynx (C10)2100.300.16250.040.022350.170.09Total21513.1.2.671.34. CR: crude incidence rate; ASR: age-standardised incidence rateThe incidence rates are reported as the number of cases per 100,000 person-years at riskDuring the 10-year period, the median age at the initial diagnosis of oral cancer in Shanghai was 64 years (males: 62 years; females: 69 years).
Most cases were diagnosed after age 60, and 49.6% of cases were aged over 65 years. The lifetime risk of developing oral cancer in Shanghai was 0.31% in the whole population (0.37% in males; 0.26% in females). Figure shows the incidence rates of oral cancer for the 10-year study period by 5-year age groups and sex. Oral cancer was rare among the young population aged. Age-specified incidence rates for oral cancer by sex in Shanghai from 2003 to 2012Figure highlights the yearly incidence trends by sex for all ages over time.
In males, between 2003 and 2012, the crude rate for oral cancer in Shanghai rose from 2.57 to 3.83 per 100,000, with an annual percentage increase of 3.83 ( P 0.05; Table ). ASR: age-standardised incidence rate; PC: percentage change; APC: annual percentage change; CI: confidence intervalTable shows the incidence trends over time by age group (. YearMales(/100,000)Females (/100,000). DiscussionAlthough the incidence of oral cancer in Shanghai is relatively low, it has been continuously increasing between 2003 and 2012. In the present study, 3680 cases of oral cancer were newly diagnosed during the 10-year period in Shanghai.
The annual number increased from 297 in 2003 to 434 in 2012. Underlying this finding, our results indicate that the incidence rates increased significantly in middle-aged males.An increase in the incidence of oral cancer has still been reported in some countries. In Europe, a rising incidence of oral cancer was first noted in Denmark in the middle of the twentieth century , and has since been consistently reported across the continent –. A recent epidemiological study showed a continuing increase in oral cancer incidence in the UK, with regional variation ,. North East of England had highest incidence, the South West and the East Midlands reported the most consistent increases, and the lowest incidence found in London. Scotland, where the rates are higher than in other parts of the UK, is experiencing a dramatic increase in younger age groups of both sexes. Hungary, which is known to have a high incidence of oral cancer, is still experiencing increasing rates, which have nearly doubled in recent decades.
In some regions, the incidence trends of oral cancer differed between sexes. France once had the highest incidence rate of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer in Europe and continued to increase until early 1980s. In recent studies, the oral cancer strongly decreased in men, but strongly increased in women ,. The reason may be the changes of individual behaviours. Studies from the US have also suggested that the incidence is rising, with changes in the distributions of ethnicities and anatomic subsites reported ,. In eastern Asia, oral cancer has traditionally been uncommon; however, rising trends have recently been reported in the region –.In our analyses, the temporal trends of oral cancer incidence in Shanghai were significantly increased, as determined by the annual crude rates, in both sexes over the 10-year period.
While calculated by the world standard population, the increase trend did not have statistical significance. It is due to the difference of the population structures between Shanghai population and the world standard.
However, the crude rate reflects the real number of patients in a region and is essential for public health and prevention policies. In order to find out which age group had the most marked increase of oral cancer incidence, we classified all cases into young. ConclusionThis epidemiological study on oral cancer incidence in Shanghai showed an ASR of 1.34 per 100,000 person-years over the years 2003–2012. The male-to-female ratio was 1.41, and the median age at the time of oral cancer diagnosis was 64 years. Importantly, we found that the incidence rates for both men and women are increasing, with the increase being the most marked in middle-aged males. These findings may provide aetiological clues related to the incidence of oral cancer. In particular, the changing lifestyle habits of the population and their effects on the incidence of oral cancer need further investigation.
Availability of data and materialsThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the department of Cancer Control & Prevention of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and with permission of the department of Cancer Control & Prevention of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention.